[To obtain a sense of the rhythms of the epic and the drama of the recitation, listen to a sound recording of Elmira Köçümkulkïzï reciting in Kyrgyz a summary version of the "First Heroic Deed of Manas," transcribed from a performance by Sagymbay Orozbakov.]
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Before he finished his words, Before Bay Jakïp calmed his anger, | |
|---|---|
| 6380 |
Would that God not show such a thing-- With flags and red banners waving in the dust, Making a disturbing hue and cry, Carrying crescent-shaped black banners, Making an alarming hue and cry, On the other side of the mountains, On this side of Kangay, Came the Manchus with the envoy of Esenkhan, The land guardian Of the Kara Kalmyks and Manchus, |
| 6390 |
Who had heard a rumor: "The countless unruly livestock Of the Burut Kyrgyz Jakïp Have been grazing on our land," he heard. Carrying seven flags And taking seven hundred warriors, The leader is the giant Kochku. Heading the seven hundred warriors, Kochku arrived suddenly. Kochku, the warrior of the Kalmyks |
| 6400 |
Wreaked great havoc. That pig had prepared himself To root out Jakïp with his forty Kyrgyz families, To wipe them out completely, To pick apart the fabric of their lives, To bring on them a great disaster, That pig had waited, indeed, To plunder Jakïp's livestock And add them |
| 6410 |
To Esenkhan's riches. Imposing Kochku and his warriors, Galloped up, Riding a chestnut horse, He set out filled with wrath, With his orders from Esenkhan, The brave Kochku had no choice. He took with him the best guards, The most skilled spearmen, All together with seven hundred warriors |
| 6420 |
That Kochku arrived now, His men wearing large coats of mail And large mail shirts, Dirt flew in the sky, Soldiers marched in disorderly array, What the soldiers carried Were mighty bows and metal-tipped arrows, They came and threw their demands In the face of bay Jakïp. His howl enough to shatter stones, |
| 6430 |
Kochku came with threat of force His shouts enough to break one's head: "Good-for-nothing, devious man with a mustache, Your heart is wicked, troublesome Burut, Possessing countless livestock, You've let it go to your head, You came to Altay as an exile and prospered. Obey my orders, Burut, Hand over to us at once |
| 6440 |
Your rascal son Manas. If you don't agree to it And don’t give Manas to us, Death awaits you right now, I will completely destroy you. You, the good-for-nothing Burut, Obey my order, Burut, Give Manas to us, Burut, If you don't comply, If you don't hand Manas over right now, |
| 6450 |
You and your Kyrgyz people of forty families, I will plunder your mares, I will teach you a lesson. If I really get mad I will smash your brains out! I came to take Manas With your permission, my Burut, If you don't grant my request And don't give what I ask, I will create a disaster, |
| 6460 |
Just wait and see, my Burut, I will plunder your people, And cast you from your seat of honor into the grave, Plunder your four kinds of animals, And make your head spin! I have an order to carry out, Good-for-nothing, devious Burut, I will confiscate your treasure bags, Esenkhan has given me an order. He is my master in Beijing, |
| 6470 |
I have my commanders and khans, So, accept my words, Without any argument and quarrel, Give me Manas, Good-for-nothing, devious Burut, You were driven away from your Kyrgyz, And suffered, unable to find your homeland. Raising countless livestock, You have been using, indeed, The foothills of Altay. |
| 6480 |
Saying that your son's name is 'Fool,' You've been betraying, indeed, Our king Esekhan. You've been hiding, indeed, You dümpeki son, Manas. You wanted to reach your people And become a respected leader, And enjoy your life every day, |
| 6490 |
One day, for sure You intended to return To your far away Kyrgyz, And give away your livestock, Which you obtained for gold, Good-for-nothing, devious Burut, You intended to flee To your Burut people, for sure. Your son Manas' bloodthirstiness Was known to us, |
| 6500 |
He had been recorded in the record books Of brave Esenkhan, the master. Lying that your son's name is 'Fool,' Good-for-nothing, bay Jakïp, What were you thinking?! Esenkhan has given me an order That I must destroy you all, Bay Jakïp with his forty Kyrgyz families. Yield to my demand, And hand over your rascal son Manas |
| 6510 |
To the khan Esenkhan. If you don't agree to this And don't give up your son, I will cause great trouble, I will extinguish your hearth, And haul you all in Before Esenkhan. I will find immediately You Jakïp bay and your Akbaltay, I will squeeze the fat from your body |
| 6520 |
And suck the marrow from your bones. The Khan's decree is law, If you don't give up your son, I will ruin your encampment." Wearing his large coat of mail, He brandished threats. That angry infidel With strong will and great wrath, Leaves a trail of death when he attacks. Seeing this warrior |
| 6530 |
Who received his khan's order, People lost hope for their lives. Kochku repeated arrogant demands, Unable to withstand the infidel's wrath, The earth cracked, Within the blink of an eye, Before anyone could respond, Loud drums were heard, Loud signal horns were heard, Guns were fired, bows were shot, |
| 6540 |
Dust sprang into the sky, All the warriors gathered, The strong men wearing large coats of mail, Infidels full of wrath, All together they were seven hundred warriors, Drums were beaten hard, With Tagïlïk, their envoy, And led by their brave Kochku, All began plundering the mares. There were horses with white spots on their heads, |
| 6550 |
Among those horses Stallions and chargers were mixed. Kochku and Tagïlïk, Leading their seven hundred warriors Raided the horses all together, They cut off the tether ropes, made an uproar, Thus testing the forty families, They carried out their khan's order By devastating Bay Jakïp. Suffering from the Kalmyks, |
| 6560 |
Women and children were distraught, "We really face captivity," said Noble Baltay and bay Jakïp: Losing hope for their noble souls, they said, "We suffered from Kochku. If we resist them, Not one of us will be spared," they said, "Let the Kïtay take our livestock, And add them to their treasure," they said. Only Allah is just, |
| 6570 |
May our noble souls survive!" they said. The wicked Kochku began the killing, He didn't spare any souls Of the forty Kyrgyz families, the noble people. From the palace of Esenkhan He had come on a special mission To the Kyrgyz, To inflict great trouble On Jakïp, And take away his countless livestock |
| 6580 |
By plundering them quickly. They destroyed their yurts, Made their young women and girls weep, And plundering, stampeded All the grazing mares. While that was going on, The twelve-years-old brave Manas, Riding his horse Toruchaar Donning his weapons and everything, Wearing an unsheathed sword at his waist, |
| 6590 |
Like a dark rain-cloud, His wrath showing on his face, Without a moment's pause, And risking his life and limb, Without a second glance, With no thought for his soul, he said: "While I still have my strong head, How can I give up my stallions? These Kalmyks have gone too far, I will exchange blows with them. |
| 6600 |
While I still carry my noble head, How can I give up my livestock? Esenkhan has gone over the edge, I will try to exchange blows with him. I will tie up his warriors And cause trouble To their khan brave Esenkhan, I will drag them on the road And feed them to the dogs. I'll make whatever trouble I can, |
| 6610 |
I'll not spare not even one Of Esenkhan's warriors. This infidel really went too far, I'll chase this infidel hero Who attacked first All the way to Beijing. I will drive the infidel in Altay All the way to the Kangay [mountains] As for the Kara Manchus in Kangay, I will drive them all the way to Beijing. |
| 6620 |
If I can't carry out this deed, And slaughter them exactly like that, Would that I not have been born, May I die rather than remain alive. This Kïtay is indeed spoiling for a fight, I'll undertake to slaughter them, This infidel attacked us first, This legendary warrior Kochku Wants to plunder my horses And bring us disaster for no good cause. |
| 6630 |
Did I plunder the gold Of this shameless infidel? Do I owe him any tribute? I will come to blows With the brave Esenkhan. If I let this Kïtay do what he wants, He will drive my livestock away, This pig -- may he burn in fire! -- Won't leave me alone, If I let this Kïtay do what he wants, |
| 6640 |
He'll inflict upon the Kyrgyz a disaster, indeed, The likes of which has not been seen. To the Kyrgyz. Swarming like black worms, These Kïtay multiply fast, indeed, These Kïtay, indeed Are wont to murder, plunder and humiliate people, While my noble head is still alive, How can I subject my people to them? If the just Allah wills it, |
| 6650 |
I will exchange blows With the teeming Kïtay." Carrying his spear, he charged into their midst. Willing to die should death come his way, And saying "I will risk my life," he gathered his strength, He carried a banner, For the sake of his kinsmen, He plunged into battle with the "dogs." "I will massacre them all," he said, "I will get back my horses |
| 6660 |
Which the Kïtay have plundered," he said, Wearing his silvery coat of mail -- You should have seen Manas -- He crouched like a white tiger. He donned his silvery coat of mail And mounted his Toruchaar, His eyes burned like fire, He craved for blood. His front teeth as big as a door And unlike those of any other man, |
| 6670 |
Were white and gleamed from a distance, He got furious and angry, Each part of his body Resembled that of a lion. This "dear one" poured out his wrath, His stature and figure On horseback Looked so tall and mighty That he seemed not one but a thousand. He is a panther guarded by a human, the sheikh, |
| 6680 |
And the youngest of the six lions, He himself is the favorite child of Allah, He is the perfect man, He is the lion protected by a sheikh. Look at his inner world -- It is wider than the earth, No one remained alive fighting with him, No one dared to approach him, He is one of those famous lions, He is the brave lion Manas |
| 6690 |
Who spared no man's soul. His nine guardians Stood guard on all sides Of Manas at that moment. The black-striped tiger Stood ready to attack When he set out towards his enemy, A lion with a short, gray mane Stood ready to attack behind him, Being a companion to the hero. |
| 6700 |
His forty guardians and Kïzïr Nïyaz, As companions of the hero, Shouted all together In support of Manas. . . . . He seemed to cause a tragedy Across the face of the world And march into the seven-gated Beijing |
| 6720 |
All by himself and defeat it. He rode forth pouring out his wrath, Death is near at hand For those who cross the path of this lion. You should have seen the hero's appearance, He looked like a fortress built from iron, Neither Kochku alone, Nor even Esenkhan would be spared. His raised eyebrows were full of wrath, He struck down those who attacked him. |
| 6730 |
He had a big mouth and craggy eyebrows, His face was the color of wheat smeared with butter, His eyes looked like an evening fog, Jakïp bay's young Manas Tied his strong waist tight, Hit his Toruchaar with a whip, Grabbed the spear in his hand, And shouted loudly with wrath, Behind him, the forty boys Cried out, calling his name "Manas!" |
| 6740 |
Making a path where there was no path, The swift Manas, the panther Then attacked the seven hundred warriors Headed by Kochku. The mighty Manas, Who was twelve years old at that time, Separated the middle of the army For his forty boys to surround. The hero came out |
| 6750 |
Having broken off the center of the army, Toruchaar which he was riding Reacted to the hue and cry, When he heard the uproar, The janïbar really showed his stallion-essence, He wasn't scared from the hue and cry, At night under the moonlight, He never stumbled, Toruchaar which he was riding Reacted to the hue and cry |
| 6760 |
By showing his stallion-essence. When he ran, the black ground Cracked layer after layer, He didn't slip on the steep slopes, He was no different at all From a deer walking on cliffs. He was never upset when ridden in battle, He never tired when ridden at a gallop, He never let up when ridden on campaign. He had mattock-like hooves and a wide croup, |
| 6770 |
Raised in the wide pastures, He was a pure-bred stallion With iron lungs and copper wrists, Manas khan's Toruchaar, When he entered the battle With enormous vigor and force, In a frenzy, like a woman who lost her husband, The rocks onto which he stepped crumbled, Chunks of dirt the size of a small yurt, Flew over the head |
| 6780 |
Of the gray-maned tiger Manas. His muscles moved with the grace of a sheep's, His back was straight as a running rabbit's, He opened his mouth really wide, White foam mixed with blood Splashed onto his chest, The brave Manas entered the battle On his Toruchaar by making him Gallop forcefully and eagerly. |
| 6790 |
He thrust his big iron tipped spear And never shied away from The enemy he fought, Those he knocked off their horses He trampled on the ground like rabbits. He dipped his spear in blood, And pinned them to the ground like rabbits Those warriors who struck at him with a spear. When they were plundering the horses And making a big hue and cry, |
| 6800 |
They were seven hundred warriors, Of whom no one was spared When he attacked them. When Manas hit with a single blow, Twelve warriors fell to the ground. Their warriors wearing coats of mail Were killed one after another, Their warriors wearing mail shirts Fell dead one after another, The soldiers and the famous warriors were killed, |
| 6810 |
Of the seven hundred warriors All who crossed his path were killed, All the trouble for the Kyrgyz came to an end, All the horses were saved, The brave Manas, the panther, When he came riding fast, with a single blow, Twelve warriors fell to the ground. When the hero struck, All those who confronted him Fell to the ground one after another. |
| 6820 |
Before they were ready to strike him, Within a blink of an eye, He wreaked havoc, Your brave bloodthirsty Manas Went after their seven hundred warriors, And slaughtered them all. Their brave warrior Kochku, The good-for-nothing, had thought of an evil deed, He wanted to do him harm He wanted to knock the young Manas off with a spear, |
| 6830 |
Tie him up And bring him to Esenkhan. Burning with rage, Holding the spear in his hand, Whipping his pure chestnut stallion, Shouting with great wrath, Yelling "Möndü" as his battle cry, His blue body armor was to be seen, Those who saw him shrank in fright, When this infidel poured out his wrath, |
| 6840 |
He looked like the Ala-Too [mountains.] That Kochku, who arrived, Had a head as big as a cauldron And eyebrows resembling a lying dog, You should have seen his moustaches, They were like nettles on a mountain slope. The dirt on his smoking pipe Was as thick as the balls of flour which children ate with their fingers. His braid on his back |
| 6850 |
Was like the mane of a stallion, That was the brave warrior Kochku, Who left Esenkhan's presence And set out with determination That he would tie up Manas and bring him in. He was never defeated And could eat a whole pig at one sitting And still be hungry. He was a skilled rider and fast runner, He was a legendary great warrior, |
| 6860 |
Whose eyes were big as an open grave, He could swallow up anyone he came across, His nostrils flared Like a crooked and steep mountain valley. That Kochku could swallow whole Anyone he encountered, along with his horse, You don't want to know about this Kochku -- He has the look of thousand warriors. His mother was a Hindu whore, No one could knock him off his horse, |
| 6870 |
No one he came across remained alive, His father was a Kïtay shrew, This wild animal, the pig Speaking no human language, Shouting and spewing forth his wrath, Looking tall and big as a mountain, said: "You've turned twelve, I see, Even if there were eighty of you, Manas, I'd kill you all today. |
| 6880 |
I'll tear you out by the roots. Together with your father bay Jakïp, I'll tie you all up and take you with me, You cunning Buruts, I'll tear you all up by your roots. When I was playing with you, Burut You started a brutal fight, I had seven hundred warriors And you wiped them all out. I am outraged and call for my men to attack. |
| 6890 |
I'll root you out right now, I'll raid your ayïl in Altay, You good-for-nothing, cunning Burut, I'll take my revenge on you right now, Even if you had forty-five souls, My good-for-nothing, I'll spare none of them." He got furious and intense, Even the earth shuddered and was torn apart Unable to withstand the infidel's rage. The brave Kochku challenged him alone, |
| 6900 |
His hair stood up straight, Gathering his strength Kochku stood ready To strike against Manas. At that moment Manas khan, Who was born under a lucky star, Hit Toruchaar on his haunch, "I'm ready, whatever happens," your brave one said And thrust out his iron-tipped spear, He leaned forward, His rib-cage swelled, He exploded in rage, For this furious, bloodthirsty man Thirsted for blood. The brave Manas, the gray-maned, Faster than a speeding arrow, Was on Kochku and struck him. Kochku's feet slipped off the stirrups, He lost his seat, |
| 6910 |
As if a mountain was toppling, He fell off his stallion. Akbaltay and bay Jakïp Rode up right away, His father Jakïp said these words: "My only son, Manas khan, You've done great damage, And brought darkness, trouble, and chaos, You've mercilessly slaughtered Kochku, the warrior of the Kalmyks. |
| 6930 |
You dug your own grave deep, And you are going to suffer from it, You will bring misery, my foal, Which no man has ever seen. [. . .] By attacking the rulers of the kingdom, You will strip me of my coat, With your misbehavior, my foal, You will bring great trouble onto my head The likes of which has not been seen. When they hear about it, my foal, The Kara Kalmyks, the Manchu people Will dig a grave for me, Saying that my son is a hooligan, They will squeeze the essence of my life, You will seize my valuables. By acting outrageous, you rascal, You will have me lose my skin. Now the Kïtay will plunder my sheep, These Kïtay will surely |
| 6960 |
Leave me no way out." While Jakïp stood lamenting, Akbaltay interrupted vigorously: "Don't complain, Jakïp, in vain, One who laments in vain won't win, Your complaining is no good! One whose death is near will die, Whatever Allah wrote on our foreheads, Our noble heads will see! |
| 6970 |
Foolish Jakïp, what are you saying? A boy must be rambunctious, If he's not rambunctious, Better that he'd not been born. A boy must become a brave man, If he doesn't become a brave man, Better that he'd not been born. We have the ordo in the wilderness, We have booty of seven hundred stallions Which he has seized from Kochku, |
| 6980 |
Let's enjoy the booty today By dividing the seven hundred stallions Among ourselves." Akbaltay spoke many words Before he finished speaking, The panther Manas pounced, He did a bold deed, He cut off the head Of Kochku who lay before him. There were seven hundred stallions |
| 6990 |
Which he brought as booty, He divided the booty stallions Equally among his followers. Those who were cleverest Managed to get stallions as booty, Even the poorest Kyrgyz Received red gold and other valuable things. "Manas is a blessed child, Leave him alone, |
| 7000 |
Don't lament this deed of his, Jakïp, He is indeed the gray-maned lion, If he grows up safe and sound, just wait, He is the lion who will lay your sufferings to rest, He is the hero with an eloquent tongue. He is the one who will re-attach that which has been torn off, He is the one who will reunite your people who were scattered, He will re-kindle your long-extinguished hearth, If this boy stays alive, He will bring your dead soul back to life. |
| 7010 |
He will become a khan And rule over The teeming Manchus, the infidels, If he stays alive, you will see, Those who confront him will perish. He is the one who desires A better life for the Kyrgyz of the forty families, He is the one to soothe our burning hearts, And the one to open our eyes wide, He is the one who shows the way to victory, Who by himself is the equal of a whole army, |
| 7020 |
Calm down, my bay Jakïp, Our honor has been restored, The Creator granted us Manas We regained our dignity. Your son is our backbone and strength, With power the equal of a mountain, Your son is indeed a lion, A real gray-maned one who is our support. If your Manas stays alive, He will become a lion Who will find you a way out, |
| 7030 |
If your Manas stays alive, He'll become a lion Who'll bring laughter to your face. He'll smear your yurt felts with fat, Don’t be upset, bay Jakïp, God himself gave him to us, He'll make you a khan to many people. He'll smear your yurt frames with fat, Don't lament too much, bay Jakïp, He'll make you a khan anywhere you wish. He'll lay your grief to rest, |
| 7040 |
By taking booty from battles, He'll fill all your chests With treasures like yellow gold. He'll make you content By filling all your iron-banded chests With treasures like blue silver. If Manas stays alive, He'll be dense forest and woodland Through which neither hail nor wind can pass. He will be a black-gray-maned hero, |
| 7050 |
Who doesn't return the livestock he's seized to their owner. We are the Kyrgyz of forty families, Who've been sadly separated from our people, I rely on Manas now For he identifies with those Kyrgyz people. You lament in vain Saying that your son is a rascal, Your lament will do no good, Don't grieve, bay Jakïp, One who is afraid of death cannot triumph |
| 7060 |
We should divide the booty of Manas Among the forty Kyrgyz families. Before we die We should enjoy our lives! Whatever The Creator wrote on our foreheads, We should face, Just for the sake of Manas, We should sacrifice ourselves To the teeming Kakans and Kïtays, Make up your mind, bay Jakïp, |
| 7070 |
We must leave all the cattle behind And flee towards the Kyrgyz Believing in Manas as our hope! We can't accomplish anything If we stay here in Altay, Let's return to the Kyrgyz Regarding Manas as our hope! We are the Kyrgyz of forty families, Who are not alive, but dead in spirit, We are among the dead souls, |
| 7080 |
We are living amongst The teeming infidels, So, we aren't alive!" Akbaltay spoke many words, The forty Kyrgyz families gathered, Believing in Manas as their hope, They decided to castrate their rams Make all their sheep fat, Geld their oxen, Geld all their stallions, |
| 7090 |
And geld their camels. The noble Kyrgyz thus Thought of fleeing, Praying to the Almighty, The noble Kyrgyz got ready To return to their precious homeland. When all the seven hundred warriors and the warrior Kochku Were murdered And their goods were plundered, Tagïlïk of the Kïtay, |
| 7100 |
Had fled to Esenkhan, But Manas didn't see him flee, For it was a starless night. Tagïlïk escaped from him safely. Walking fast He traveled for many days, And arrived at the pavilion with golden beams, Where brave Esenkhan sat In an iron-gated court, The emperor's citadel |
| 7110 |
Of the brave Esenkhan. It was surrounded with groves of maple, In the center of the maple grove Stood the golden throne of Esenkhan, It made one’s heart content, Sixty kilims of various kinds Were spread on the ground. The wonder of these kilims was They never lost their color Even if soaked in water for forty years, |
| 7120 |
They never rotted If soaked in water for eighty years. In his pleasure garden Sat Esenkhan On his emperor's throne. In attendance, Esenkhan Had the best of the khans Including the Lung-tung's khan Who wore precious stones And big greaves. |
| 7130 |
He also had his strong warriors Wearing large coats of mail, And executioners with swords Ready to sever a human head, Next to their dear khan, The warriors armed with axes Stood ready to act. He had rhinoceroses and elephants, He also had mad butchers Who didn't spare anyone they came across, |
| 7140 |
He had warriors holding axes, Infidels who would bring devastation When their khan gave them an order. He had his warriors and giants, Esenkhan was indeed an emperor Who gathered all the armed forces. This sweet fellow had gathered Everyone who could be of use. In front of Esenkhan At the door entrance |
| 7150 |
He had a dungeon forty rope-lengths deep And forty soldiers guarding it. He had his sixty giants tied in it. When their khan gave orders People were terrified of them. At the mouth of the dungeon, He had an elephant with a sword-like trunk Who never set anyone free Except on Judgment Day. |
| 7160 |
His guards were seventy Who appeared quickly upon a summons And who wore human noses and ears As protective charms. Tagïlïk of the Kïtay Came in flight and shouted, He kowtowed With no hope to save his soul, He told the story About the noble bloodthirsty Manas: |
| 7170 |
"I'm a messenger before you, Oh, emperor, I came to you To tell bad news, He [Jakïp] had slaughtered many cattle And had named his son 'Fool.' This Jakïp, a Burut himself, Had been hiding His bloodthirsty son. |
| 7178-7209 | [...] |
| 7210 |
He is indeed a great lion, The son of the miserable Burut Is indeed Manas, I learned. He turned twelve this year, When he turns eighteen, He won't let us plow the land, If he stays alive, you will see yourself, He won’t let your Chïnmachïn, Your teeming people Live in Beijing. |
| 7220 |
He will shatter your idols, My khan, he will wipe your people out. Let me describe Manas' appearance, He wears an unsheathed sword, His wrath lies on his face Like a cloud which is about to pour rain. He carries a long polished spear With an iron tip, He himself never shies away from anyone. Those who fight with him |
| 7230 |
He tramples underfoot like a rabbit. He is an elephant-figured rascal With strong wrists and a stone heart. His companions are eighty-four, Everywhere he turns is set ablaze, That cunning Burut Was born in Altay, He has a gray-black mane And great power To bring devastation to the Kakanchïn in Beijing. |
| 7240 |
His walking frightens us to death, His voice scares the wits from us. To tell you this I passed through The Bakburchun in the north The Kakanchïn in the south And your great Dungshang town. He isn't a man born for no reason, He isn't a boy to leave us alone, His might equals a mountain He could devour with rage |
| 7250 |
Everyone who challenges him. I saw his appearance, he is a gray tiger, Thre is no one like this Burut. When he shouts thrusting forth his spear He really hasthe look of a lion, I have never seen the likes of him among humans. My lord, I barely escaped To reach you. I saw such a warrior like him, I saw with my own eyes, my lord, |
| 7260 |
His slaughtering of those who approached him. When they plundered All of Jakïp's mares, Riding the stallion Toruchaar, He dug a grave for all of them And slaughtered them all Not sparing one. He looted gold as booty, The Buruts thus buried themselves in booty. I won't tell the rest to you, |
| 7270 |
My khan, what would I get out of it By lamenting endlessly. He is the exact same bloodthirsty Burut Who, even before his birth -- may he burn in fire! -- Was recorded in the record book. Now he has become full grown And reached the age of twelve. |
© 2005 Elmira Köçümkulkïzï. All rights reserved.